Publications

Here you can find the key publications from the members of the INTRIM consortium on the topic of trained immunity. Let us know if we missed any.

2025 to present

2025 to Present

Madsen, A. M. R., Schaltz-Buchholzer, F., Trebbien, R., Roring, R., Bang, N., Nielsen, C., Bliddal, M., Norberg, L. A., Netea, M. G., Barington, T., Aaby, P., Möller, S., & Benn, C. S. (2026). Evaluating the non-specific effects of BCG vaccination on the immune system and serological response to influenza vaccination in the elderly: A randomised controlled trial. Vaccine76, 128305. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128305

Koeken, V. A. C. M., Nissen, T. N., Birk, N. M., Boahen, C. K., van Crevel, R., Kumar, V., Li, Y., Aaby, P., Benn, C. S., & Netea, M. G. (2026). The effect of BCG vaccination on systemic inflammation in neonatesVaccine75, 128241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128241

Merbecks, A. J., Mennicken, C., de Graaf, D. M., Shkarina, K., Wagner, T., & Latz, E. (2026). Western lifestyle linked to maladaptive trained immunityeLife15, e105835. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.105835

Priem, B., Willemsen, L., Anbergen, T., ….. Joosten L.A.B., Fayad Z.A., Netea-Maier R.T., Netea M.G., de Winther M.P.J., Beldman T.J., Griffioen A.W., Mulder W.J.M. (2026). Systemically inducing trained immunity overcomes solid tumors’ immunosuppressive microenvironment. Science advances12(1), eadu0292. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu0292

Riksen, N. P., Netea, M. G., Ait-Oufella, H., Chavakis, T., & Hajishengallis, G. (2025). Trained immunity in cardiovascular disease. European heart journal, ehaf982. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf982

Qi, C., Liu, Z., Kilic, G., Sarlea, A. S., Debisarun, P. A., Liu, X., Mekonnen, Y. A., Li, W., Grasshoff, M., Alaswad, A., Petkoglou, A., Koeken, V. A. C. M., Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M., de Bree, L. C. J., Mourits, V. P., Joosten, L. A. B., Li, Y., Netea, M. G., & Xu, C. J. (2025). Long-term DNA methylation changes mediate heterologous cytokine responses after BCG vaccinationGenome biology26(1), 180. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-025-03611-9

Ziogas, A., Novakovic, B., Ventriglia, L., Galang, N., Tran, K. A., Li, W., Matzaraki, V., van Unen, N., Schlüter, T., Ferreira, A. V., Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M., Koeken, V. A. C. M., Moyo, M., Li, X., Baltissen, M. P. A., Martens, J. H. A., Li, Y., Divangahi, M., Joosten, L. A. B., Mhlanga, M. M., … Netea, M. G. (2025). Long-term histone lactylation connects metabolic and epigenetic rewiring in innate immune memory. Cell188(11), 2992–3012.e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2025.03.048

2020-2024

2023-2024

Yanginlar, C., Rother, N., Post, T. G. J. M., Jacobs, M., Jonkman, I., Brouns, M., Rinzema, S., Martens, J. H. A., Vermeulen, M., Joosten, L. A. B., Netea, M. G., Hilbrands, L. B., Choudhry, Z. A., van der Vlag, J., & Duivenvoorden, R. (2024). Trained innate immunity in response to nuclear antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal of autoimmunity149, 103335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103335

Berendsen, M. L. T., Bles, P., de Bree, L. C. J., Jensen, K. J., Jensen, C. C., Wejse, C., Mendes, D. V., Netea, M. G., & Benn, C. S. (2024). Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination induces a trained innate immunity phenotype in adults over 50 years of age: A randomized trial in Guinea-BissauVaccine42(26), 126439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126439

Lercher, A., Cheong, J. G., Bale, M. J., Jiang, C., Hoffmann, H. H., Ashbrook, A. W., Lewy, T., Yin, Y. S., Quirk, C., DeGrace, E. J., Chiriboga, L., Rosenberg, B. R., Josefowicz, S. Z., & Rice, C. M. (2024). Antiviral innate immune memory in alveolar macrophages following SARS-CoV-2 infection ameliorates secondary influenza A virus disease. Immunity57(11), 2530–2546.e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2024.08.018

Jacobs, M. M. E., Maas, R. J. F., Jonkman, I., Negishi, Y., Tielemans Zamora, W., Yanginlar, C., van Heck, J., Matzaraki, V., Martens, J. H. A., Baltissen, M., Vermeulen, M., Morla-Folch, J., Ranzenigo, A., Wang, W., Umali, M., Ochando, J., van der Vlag, J., Hilbrands, L. B., Joosten, L. A. B., Netea, M. G., … Duivenvoorden, R. (2024). Trained immunity is regulated by T cell-induced CD40-TRAF6 signaling. Cell reports43(9), 114664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114664

Sun, S. J., Aguirre-Gamboa, R., de Bree, L. C. J., Sanz, J., Dumaine, A., van der Velden, W. J. F. M., Joosten, L. A. B., Khader, S., Divangahi, M., Netea, M. G., & Barreiro, L. B. (2024). BCG vaccination alters the epigenetic landscape of progenitor cells in human bone marrow to influence innate immune responsesImmunity57(9), 2095–2107.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2024.07.021

Tran, K. A., Pernet, E., Sadeghi, M., Downey, J., Chronopoulos, J., Lapshina, E., Tsai, O., Kaufmann, E., Ding, J., & Divangahi, M. (2024). BCG immunization induces CX3CR1hi effector memory T cells to provide cross-protection via IFN-γ-mediated trained immunityNature immunology25(3), 418–431. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-023-01739-z

Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M., Folkman, L., Ter Horst, R., Krausgruber, T., Barreca, D., Schuster, L. C., Fife, V., Matzaraki, V., Li, W., Reichl, S., Mourits, V. P., Koeken, V. A. C. M., de Bree, L. C. J., Dijkstra, H., Lemmers, H., van Cranenbroek, B., van Rijssen, E., Koenen, H. J. P. M., Joosten, I., Xu, C. J., … Bock, C. (2024). Multi-omics analysis of innate and adaptive responses to BCG vaccination reveals epigenetic cell states that predict trained immunity. Immunity57(1), 171–187.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2023.12.005

Fok, E. T., Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M., Negishi, Y., Groh, L. A., Dos Santos, J. C., Gräwe, C., Monge, V. V., Craenmehr, D. D. D., van Roosmalen, M., da Cunha Jolvino, D. P., Migliorini, L. B., Neto, A. S., Severino, P., Vermeulen, M., Joosten, L. A. B., Netea, M. G., Fanucchi, S., & Mhlanga, M. M. (2024). A chromatin-regulated biphasic circuit coordinates IL-1β-mediated inflammation. Nature genetics56(1), 85–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-023-01598-2

van Puffelen, J. H., Novakovic, B., van Emst, L., Kooper, D., Zuiverloon, T. C. M., Oldenhof, U. T. H., Witjes, J. A., Galesloot, T. E., Vrieling, A., Aben, K. K. H., Kiemeney, L. A. L. M., Oosterwijk, E., Netea, M. G., Boormans, J. L., van der Heijden, A. G., Joosten, L. A. B., & Vermeulen, S. H. (2023). Intravesical BCG in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer induces trained immunity and decreases respiratory infectionsJournal for immunotherapy of cancer11(1), e005518. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2022-005518

Li, W., Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M., Koeken, V. A. C. M., Röring, R. J., de Bree, L. C. J., Mourits, V. P., Gupta, M. K., Zhang, B., Fu, J., Zhang, Z., Grondman, I., van Meijgaarden, K. E., Zhou, L., Alaswad, A., Joosten, L. A. B., van Crevel, R., Xu, C. J., Netea, M. G., & Li, Y. (2023). A single-cell view on host immune transcriptional response to in vivo BCG-induced trained immunity. Cell reports42(5), 112487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112487

Schrijver, D. P., Röring, R. J., Deckers, J., de Dreu, A., Toner, Y. C., Prevot, G., Priem, B., Munitz, J., Nugraha, E. G., van Elsas, Y., Azzun, A., Anbergen, T., Groh, L. A., Becker, A. M. D., Pérez-Medina, C., Oosterwijk, R. S., Novakovic, B., Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M., Jansen, A., Pickkers, P., … Mulder, W. J. M. (2023). Resolving sepsis-induced immunoparalysis via trained immunity by targeting interleukin-4 to myeloid cells. Nature biomedical engineering7(9), 1097–1112. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-023-01050-0

2020-2022

Bannister, S., Kim, B., Domínguez-Andrés, J., Kilic, G., Ansell, B. R. E., Neeland, M. R., Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M., Matzaraki, V., Vlahos, A., Shepherd, R., Germano, S., Bahlo, M., Messina, N. L., Saffery, R., Netea, M. G., Curtis, N., & Novakovic, B. (2022). Neonatal BCG vaccination is associated with a long-term DNA methylation signature in circulating monocytesScience advances8(31), eabn4002. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn4002

Kaufmann, E., Khan, N., Tran, K. A., Ulndreaj, A., Pernet, E., Fontes, G., Lupien, A., Desmeules, P., McIntosh, F., Abow, A., Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M., Debisarun, P., Mossman, K., Banerjee, A., Karo-Atar, D., Sadeghi, M., Mubareka, S., Vinh, D. C., King, I. L., Robbins, C. S., … Divangahi, M. (2022). BCG vaccination provides protection against IAV but not SARS-CoV-2Cell reports38(10), 110502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110502

Kong, L., Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M., Lefkovith, A., Li, B., Matzaraki, V., van Emst, L., Kang, H. A., Latorre, I., Jaeger, M., Joosten, L. A. B., Netea, M. G., & Xavier, R. J. (2021). Single-cell transcriptomic profiles reveal changes associated with BCG-induced trained immunity and protective effects in circulating monocytes. Cell reports37(7), 110028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110028

Divangahi, M., Aaby, P., Khader, S. A., Barreiro, L. B., Bekkering, S., Chavakis, T., van Crevel, R., Curtis, N., DiNardo, A. R., Dominguez-Andres, J., Duivenvoorden, R., Fanucchi, S., Fayad, Z., Fuchs, E., Hamon, M., Jeffrey, K. L., Khan, N., Joosten, L. A. B., Kaufmann, E., Latz, E., … Netea, M. G. (2021). Trained immunity, tolerance, priming and differentiation: distinct immunological processesNature immunology22(1), 2–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-00845-6

de Bree, L. C. J., Mourits, V. P., Koeken, V. A., Moorlag, S. J., Janssen, R., Folkman, L., Barreca, D., Krausgruber, T., Fife-Gernedl, V., Novakovic, B., Arts, R. J., Dijkstra, H., Lemmers, H., Bock, C., Joosten, L. A., van Crevel, R., Benn, C. S., & Netea, M. G. (2020). Circadian rhythm influences induction of trained immunity by BCG vaccinationThe Journal of clinical investigation130(10), 5603–5617. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI133934

Koeken, V. A., de Bree, L. C. J., Mourits, V. P., Moorlag, S. J., Walk, J., Cirovic, B., Arts, R. J., Jaeger, M., Dijkstra, H., Lemmers, H., Joosten, L. A., Benn, C. S., van Crevel, R., & Netea, M. G. (2020). BCG vaccination in humans inhibits systemic inflammation in a sex-dependent manner. The Journal of clinical investigation130(10), 5591–5602. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI133935

Kalafati, L., Kourtzelis, I., Schulte-Schrepping, J., Li, X., Hatzioannou, A., Grinenko, T., Hagag, E., Sinha, A., Has, C., Dietz, S., de Jesus Domingues, A. M., Nati, M., Sormendi, S., Neuwirth, A., Chatzigeorgiou, A., Ziogas, A., Lesche, M., Dahl, A., Henry, I., Subramanian, P., … Chavakis, T. (2020). Innate Immune Training of Granulopoiesis Promotes Anti-tumor ActivityCell183(3), 771–785.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.058

Cirovic, B., de Bree, L. C. J., Groh, L., Blok, B. A., Chan, J., van der Velden, W. J. F. M., Bremmers, M. E. J., van Crevel, R., Händler, K., Picelli, S., Schulte-Schrepping, J., Klee, K., Oosting, M., Koeken, V. A. C. M., van Ingen, J., Li, Y., Benn, C. S., Schultze, J. L., Joosten, L. A. B., Curtis, N., … Schlitzer, A. (2020). BCG Vaccination in Humans Elicits Trained Immunity via the Hematopoietic Progenitor CompartmentCell host & microbe28(2), 322–334.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2020.05.014

2015-2019

2017-2019

Khader, S. A., Divangahi, M., Hanekom, W., Hill, P. C., Maeurer, M., Makar, K. W., Mayer-Barber, K. D., Mhlanga, M. M., Nemes, E., Schlesinger, L. S., van Crevel, R., Vankayalapati, R., Xavier, R. J., Netea, M. G., & Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Collaboration for TB Vaccine Discovery Innate Immunity Working Group18 (2019). Targeting innate immunity for tuberculosis vaccinationThe Journal of clinical investigation129(9), 3482–3491. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI128877

Walk, J., de Bree, L. C. J., Graumans, W., Stoter, R., van Gemert, G. J., van de Vegte-Bolmer, M., Teelen, K., Hermsen, C. C., Arts, R. J. W., Behet, M. C., Keramati, F., Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M., Yang, A. S. P., van Crevel, R., Aaby, P., de Mast, Q., van der Ven, A. J. A. M., Stabell Benn, C., Netea, M. G., & Sauerwein, R. W. (2019). Outcomes of controlled human malaria infection after BCG vaccinationNature communications10(1), 874. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08659-3

Domínguez-Andrés, J., Novakovic, B., Li, Y., Scicluna, B. P., Gresnigt, M. S., Arts, R. J. W., Oosting, M., Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M., Groh, L. A., Zwaag, J., Koch, R. M., Ter Horst, R., Joosten, L. A. B., Wijmenga, C., Michelucci, A., van der Poll, T., Kox, M., Pickkers, P., Kumar, V., Stunnenberg, H., … Netea, M. G. (2019). The Itaconate Pathway Is a Central Regulatory Node Linking Innate Immune Tolerance and Trained Immunity. Cell metabolism29(1), 211–220.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.09.003

Freyne, B., Donath, S., Germano, S., Gardiner, K., Casalaz, D., Robins-Browne, R. M., Amenyogbe, N., Messina, N. L., Netea, M. G., Flanagan, K. L., Kollmann, T., & Curtis, N. (2018). Neonatal BCG Vaccination Influences Cytokine Responses to Toll-like Receptor Ligands and Heterologous Antigens. The Journal of infectious diseases217(11), 1798–1808. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy069

Arts, R. J. W., Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M., Novakovic, B., Li, Y., Wang, S. Y., Oosting, M., Kumar, V., Xavier, R. J., Wijmenga, C., Joosten, L. A. B., Reusken, C. B. E. M., Benn, C. S., Aaby, P., Koopmans, M. P., Stunnenberg, H. G., van Crevel, R., & Netea, M. G. (2018). BCG Vaccination Protects against Experimental Viral Infection in Humans through the Induction of Cytokines Associated with Trained Immunity. Cell host & microbe23(1), 89–100.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2017.12.010

Bekkering, S., Arts, R. J. W., Novakovic, B., Kourtzelis, I., van der Heijden, C. D. C. C., Li, Y., Popa, C. D., Ter Horst, R., van Tuijl, J., Netea-Maier, R. T., van de Veerdonk, F. L., Chavakis, T., Joosten, L. A. B., van der Meer, J. W. M., Stunnenberg, H., Riksen, N. P., & Netea, M. G. (2018). Metabolic Induction of Trained Immunity through the Mevalonate PathwayCell172(1-2), 135–146.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.025

Mitroulis, I., Ruppova, K., Wang, B., Chen, L. S., Grzybek, M., Grinenko, T., Eugster, A., Troullinaki, M., Palladini, A., Kourtzelis, I., Chatzigeorgiou, A., Schlitzer, A., Beyer, M., Joosten, L. A. B., Isermann, B., Lesche, M., Petzold, A., Simons, K., Henry, I., Dahl, A., … Chavakis, T. (2018). Modulation of Myelopoiesis Progenitors Is an Integral Component of Trained ImmunityCell172(1-2), 147–161.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.034

Christ, A., Günther, P., Lauterbach, M. A. R., Duewell, P., Biswas, D., Pelka, K., Scholz, C. J., Oosting, M., Haendler, K., Baßler, K., Klee, K., Schulte-Schrepping, J., Ulas, T., Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M., Kumar, V., Park, M. H., Joosten, L. A. B., Groh, L. A., Riksen, N. P., Espevik, T., … Latz, E. (2018). Western Diet Triggers NLRP3-Dependent Innate Immune ReprogrammingCell172(1-2), 162–175.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.013

Kaufmann, E., Sanz, J., Dunn, J. L., Khan, N., Mendonça, L. E., Pacis, A., Tzelepis, F., Pernet, E., Dumaine, A., Grenier, J. C., Mailhot-Léonard, F., Ahmed, E., Belle, J., Besla, R., Mazer, B., King, I. L., Nijnik, A., Robbins, C. S., Barreiro, L. B., & Divangahi, M. (2018). BCG Educates Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Generate Protective Innate Immunity against TuberculosisCell172(1-2), 176–190.e19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.031

2015-2016

Arts, R. J., Novakovic, B., Ter Horst, R., Carvalho, A., Bekkering, S., Lachmandas, E., Rodrigues, F., Silvestre, R., Cheng, S. C., Wang, S. Y., Habibi, E., Gonçalves, L. G., Mesquita, I., Cunha, C., van Laarhoven, A., van de Veerdonk, F. L., Williams, D. L., van der Meer, J. W., Logie, C., O’Neill, L. A., … Netea, M. G. (2016). Glutaminolysis and Fumarate Accumulation Integrate Immunometabolic and Epigenetic Programs in Trained ImmunityCell metabolism24(6), 807–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.10.008

Arts, R. J. W., Carvalho, A., La Rocca, C., Palma, C., Rodrigues, F., Silvestre, R., Kleinnijenhuis, J., Lachmandas, E., Gonçalves, L. G., Belinha, A., Cunha, C., Oosting, M., Joosten, L. A. B., Matarese, G., van Crevel, R., & Netea, M. G. (2016). Immunometabolic Pathways in BCG-Induced Trained ImmunityCell reports17(10), 2562–2571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.011

Novakovic, B., Habibi, E., Wang, S. Y., Arts, R. J. W., Davar, R., Megchelenbrink, W., Kim, B., Kuznetsova, T., Kox, M., Zwaag, J., Matarese, F., van Heeringen, S. J., Janssen-Megens, E. M., Sharifi, N., Wang, C., Keramati, F., Schoonenberg, V., Flicek, P., Clarke, L., Pickkers, P., … Stunnenberg, H. G. (2016). β-Glucan Reverses the Epigenetic State of LPS-Induced Immunological ToleranceCell167(5), 1354–1368.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.034

Netea, M. G., Joosten, L. A., Latz, E., Mills, K. H., Natoli, G., Stunnenberg, H. G., O’Neill, L. A., & Xavier, R. J. (2016). Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and diseaseScience352(6284), aaf1098. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf1098

2014 and older

2014 and older

Kleinnijenhuis, J., Quintin, J., Preijers, F., Joosten, L. A., Jacobs, C., Xavier, R. J., van der Meer, J. W., van Crevel, R., & Netea, M. G. (2014). BCG-induced trained immunity in NK cells: Role for non-specific protection to infectionClinical immunology155(2), 213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2014.10.005

Buffen, K., Oosting, M., Quintin, J., Ng, A., Kleinnijenhuis, J., Kumar, V., van de Vosse, E., Wijmenga, C., van Crevel, R., Oosterwijk, E., Grotenhuis, A. J., Vermeulen, S. H., Kiemeney, L. A., van de Veerdonk, F. L., Chamilos, G., Xavier, R. J., van der Meer, J. W., Netea, M. G., & Joosten, L. A. (2014). Autophagy controls BCG-induced trained immunity and the response to intravesical BCG therapy for bladder cancer. PLoS pathogens10(10), e1004485. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004485

Saeed, S., Quintin, J., Kerstens, H. H., Rao, N. A., Aghajanirefah, A., Matarese, F., Cheng, S. C., Ratter, J., Berentsen, K., van der Ent, M. A., Sharifi, N., Janssen-Megens, E. M., Ter Huurne, M., Mandoli, A., van Schaik, T., Ng, A., Burden, F., Downes, K., Frontini, M., Kumar, V., … Stunnenberg, H. G. (2014). Epigenetic programming of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and trained innate immunityScience345(6204), 1251086. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251086

Cheng, S. C., Quintin, J., Cramer, R. A., Shepardson, K. M., Saeed, S., Kumar, V., Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. J., Martens, J. H., Rao, N. A., Aghajanirefah, A., Manjeri, G. R., Li, Y., Ifrim, D. C., Arts, R. J., van der Veer, B. M., Deen, P. M., Logie, C., O’Neill, L. A., Willems, P., van de Veerdonk, F. L., … Netea, M. G. (2014). mTOR- and HIF-1α-mediated aerobic glycolysis as metabolic basis for trained immunity. Science, 345(6204), 1250684. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1250684